Credentials
In order to access your cloud, Juju needs to know how to authenticate itself. We use the term credential to collectively describe the material necessary to do this (e.g. username & password, or just a secret key). During the addition of a credential the user assigns to it an arbitrary name.
When credentials are added for a given cloud they become available for use on that cloud's controller and models. There are therefore two categories of credentials: those that are available to the Juju client (local) and those that are active and have been uploaded to a controller (remote).
A credential becomes active when it is related to a model for the first time.
The two commands that can do this are bootstrap
and add-model
as both
commands involve the creation of at least one model.
An active credential is always associated with one cloud, one Juju user, and one, or more, models. A model, however, is always related to a single credential.
Adding credentials
Juju supports three methods for adding credentials:
- accepting credentials provided interactively by the user on the command line
- scanning for existing credentials via environment variables and/or "rc" files (only supported by certain providers)
- reading a user-provided YAML-formatted file
Note: A local LXD cloud is a special case. When accessed from a Juju admin user, a credential does not need to be added; a 10-yr certificate is set up for you. However, when accessed from a non-admin user this is not the case. See Additional LXD resources for details.
Added credentials get saved to file ~/.local/share/juju/credentials.yaml
.
Adding credentials interactively
To add credentials interactively use the add-credential
command. To do so
with the AWS cloud:
juju add-credential aws
You will be asked for information based on the chosen cloud. For the AWS cloud the resulting interactive session looks like:
Enter credential name: carol Using auth-type "access-key". Enter access-key: AKBAICUYUPFXID2GHC5S Enter secret-key: *********************** (does not echo back) Credential "carol" added locally for cloud "aws".
If you end up adding multiple credentials for the same cloud you will need to set one as the default. See below section Setting default credentials.
Adding credentials from environment variables
Certain cloud providers offer command line tools that rely on environment
variables to store credentials. Juju supports the scanning of such variables as
a way to add them to itself. Scanning is done with the autoload-credentials
command:
juju autoload-credentials
Any variables detected will cause a prompt to appear. You will be asked to confirm the addition of their respective values as well as to provide a name to call the credential set.
Note: You will need to rescan the variables if their values ever change. A scan only picks up current values.
There are three providers that use tools that support this method: Amazon AWS, Google GCE, and OpenStack.
The autoload-credentials
command is also used to generate a certificate
credential for localhost clouds. This is needed for providing access to
non-admin Juju users. See
Additional LXD resources.
Adding credentials from a file
You can use a YAML-formatted file to store credentials for any cloud. Below we
provide a sample file, which we will call mycreds.yaml
. It includes many of
the clouds supported by Juju and uses the most common options. Note the MAAS
cloud and the two OpenStack clouds, called 'homemaas', 'myopenstack' and
'homestack' respectively.
credentials: aws: default-credential: peter default-region: us-west-2 peter: auth-type: access-key access-key: AKIAIH7SUFMBP455BSQ secret-key: HEg5Y1DuGabiLt72LyCLkKnOw+NZkgszh3qIZbWv jlaurin: auth-type: access-key access-key: AKIAIFII8EH5BOCYSJMA secret-key: WXg6S5Y1DvwuGt72LwzLKnItt+GRwlkn668sXHqq homemaas: peter: auth-type: oauth1 maas-oauth: 5weWAsjhe9lnaLKHERNSlke320ah9naldIHnrelks myopenstack: default-region: region-a john: auth-type: access-key access-key: bae7651caeab41ed876cfdb342bae23e secret-key: 7172bc91a21c3df1787423ac12093bcc tenant-name: admin username: admin homestack: default-region: region-b peter: auth-type: userpass password: UberPassK3yz tenant-name: appserver username: peter google: peter: auth-type: jsonfile file: ~/.config/gcloud/application_default_credentials.json juju-gce-1-sa: auth-type: oauth2 project-id: juju-gce-1 private-key: | -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MIIEvAIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKYwggSiAgEAAoIBAQCzTFMj0/GvhrcZ 3B2584ZdDdsnVuHb7OYo8eqXVLYzXEkby0TMu2gM81LdGp6AeeB3nu5zwAf71YyP erF4s0falNPIyRjDGYV1wWR+mRTbVjYUd/Vuy+KyP0u8UwkktwkP4OFR270/HFOl Kc0rzflag8zdKzRhi7U1dlgkchbkrio148vdaoZZo67nxFVF2IY52I2qGW8VFdid z+B9pTu2ZQKVeEpTVe5XEs3y2Y4zt2DCNu3rJi95AY4VDgVJ5f1rnWf7BwZPeuvp 0mXLKzcvD31wEcdE6oAaGu0x0UzKvEB1mR1pPwP6qMHdiJXzkiM9DYylrMzuGL/h VAYjhFQnAgMBAAECggEADTkKkJ10bEt1FjuJ5BYCyYelRLUMALO4RzpZrXUArHz/ CN7oYTWykL68VIE+dNJU+Yo6ot99anC8GWclAdyTs5nYnJNbRItafYd+3JwRhU0W vYYZqMtXs2mNMYOC+YNkibIKxYZJ4joGksTboRvJne4TN7Et/1uirr+GtLPn+W/e umXfkpbOTDDAED8ceKKApAn6kLIW98DwHyK0rUzorOgp4DFDX9CjuWC+RG3CFGsk oVOcDuTevJlb9Rowj1S2qYhGjuQVpVD7bcRg5zaSJKS88YbK63DCHZFpXn9JR0Fg Vou9dnc99FdMo5vtHg7Adxh91gdqEvoaF1lHx8Var0q32QDse+spvv7K6/+7G35k 3+1gDgF74/uMr/AVrjpoUjmGAuWweXY/vn1MVN2Uld4KPYafkOF8oTuDK5f1fu0d cMEoKRSXQh1NCD3PZWfQt4ypYPzn9R+VBGwnBcPorytlhM9qdLxKKlaHjBlprS6Y Be1z6FO+MqWhFlwPrKH/2uwd4QKBgQDCGESJur9OdEeroBQyYyJF7DnJ/+wHSiOr qzvb9YW1Ddtg1iiKHHZO5FS59/D62kPaGsysCMKxI9FW53TzSxUiTaEG636C5v8J eRdzxX04BNYNzqXbm1agBEjAa7tK8xJAjk0to4zqadUaYZog0uQs2X7Aexj2c9T/ HQVLILHjBwKBgD/yuoLNbST+cGbuZl1s2EnTP796xPkkUm3qcUzofzmn6uivz7Qp FMThZhHZ/Der98tra91a4e8fHaUTL5d4eCMeCL1mWXoNMnm02D/ugpEC8yDefi3T xlM/Ed0IEVogcd49tvTvQfrhfbW/6Que/rkLKCoUlAldfIOYkS4YyyTBAoGACCpH L9gYVi+UGEc6skfzWCew4quOfVwEFiO09/LjNhOoJ/G6cNzzqSv32H7yt0rZUeKQ u6f+sL8F/nbsN5PwBqpnXMgpYU5gakCa2Pb05pdlfd00owFs6nxjpxyhG20QVoDm BEZ+FhpvqZVzi2/zw2M+7s/+49dJnZXV9Cwi758CgYAquNdD4RXU96Y2OjTlOSvM THR/zY6IPeO+kCwmBLiQC3cv59gaeOp1a93Mnapet7a2/WZPL2Al7zwnvZYsHc4z nu1acd6D7H/9bb1YPHMNWITfCSNXerJ2idI689ShYjR2sTcDgiOQCzx+dwL9agaC WKjypRHpiAMFbFqPT6W2uA== -----END PRIVATE KEY----- client-id: "206517233375074786882" client-email: juju-gce-sa@juju-gce-123.iam.gserviceaccount.com azure: peter: auth-type: service-principal-secret application-id: niftyapp subscription-id: 31fb132e-e774-49dd-adbb-d6a4e966c583 application-password: UberPassK3yz oracle: default-region: us-ashburn-1 jlarin: auth-type: httpsig fingerprint: a3:57:81:9c:d2:d5:af:31:3b:73:1e:2b:a4:ae:96:ee key: | -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED DEK-Info: AES-128-CBC,AAAC919B21A2694027DBEB182593FBEC MIIEogIBAAKCAQEAoc9jtcvo49FWe3sOhS6c1ExkllNZ61vChsLmMhBCI1vMc8wu cMpNmYK1ZA+d2Mm5YWDwn4UrSTzyaFdAIesmRljfbYMGTLznI/nfQMa1hkmplF5Q xNPCdzs0afqfnubIyrvCKYfAsRzjCcs7C30n6PzG5WrKxzr1QNvAuvYgjd2oQuSY nAhDgdJDkA9UwJFgI1jE8EuoxjkvmyeL76ohe78IEjMzoBBvll/Vd3d8X/hCHt4b wkmn3B5+QzXIvYXGhaUoZrmG6V+tsk2H5voJj6TswDB8rqIa1SHbY81wIkMUxbD4 ScAq8eq2/6ETXcoBULKCjmvyqekJHjT7NngbpwIDAQABAoIBAEEggheIDSK0/UQS EZQVYNYqMUo4HjcW5cL/PRvlY1lr92ycQAzxwC4LaArwJi49czn4lKEALp35w++v PoboaK1j0/n2BLEaT0YxqmQeFq4INBMdqxCt0tW+pKgLUffZF/RRgiLJGwuufstQ W2GSbF/gbgWk6B0sY85JJNebfRrb+qjp5Jz+5t5gNVzOwWWkPYoAKXPd9JHYPFAk JCUTloYdf16lBml+nZI7EGojXtHUpdF7KyYRVfXMfxBnaWpVHvoZBk5Vk5qL/boz N8W+YahFq9BELavYQ30CZQeWYoD2MaSCWv+WzfkER8YK5Onr+5CSU0lW9dqN6wuv LFozUgECgYEAy9vZb+hjn3otkEFvyCGg9wmGIs9Qro3UKJI/mGKQeL7K8sd5WsA6 mbOkIDbK71ZG+iIfxDXLzRO1ZzPjAX3cReFZ9NFRHngX9xM92UP+icIJkM6m4ImN UcaGCZiF0LoKUTAkEw+5rpeudGcgNgaI41RKMUBLyQn5MFo3IAPaO4ECgYEAyzJN CqB4e+qJgmc29zKsSfvuofasDTmIMnOZW2ci+tiD/qiH/eJoKHK2F5yGV6/tB2iY kFSuzWEwu/Crl7seW6xPY+HYlGLD60ix1aRDEfR48bZqFqlIu7uowI9dp43aOmPU 1YSgMj8UA+rVqHqrS6IX4iqGbEOuzq0a377qiycCgYA99oUQzsH5J1nSDxG68v3K GMr8qacMZ2+lJU7PMqZXDScCxD7Opr8pGME6SW1FciQAw36EVRWtL+BjjhBcw7TA SM7e6wCNElO4ddLGxzQHC0N9EFMIzMZ3pK/5arMRznp0Uv2kDZOSzefo2a+gvDu/ XU9vyOtAIBft6n327TTYAQKBgEE3/OhbRzCmv8oeLNM87XW1qgtMLD72Z1OiLOfc e6q90efr2fJQOBQ7dVywvaHpco+9L7Krq4vWlXjdL4ZCCJVuAfFSLPy7kpyzMXkc Bvb9W9BiNz3cyd6PxdDTQFhNwbXdE2QQ9IYMHvV+62LvNInLFhVehtS7CKGHiCem lItJAoGAdnj8nJRFQCAyIGcYk6bloohXI8ko0KLYbHfQpN9oiZa+5crEMzcFiJnR X8rWVPCLZK5gJ56CnP8Iyoqah/hpxTUZoSaJnBb/xa7PCiMq1gBfSF8OYlCsRI0V semYTOymUHkZyWGMIhmdn6t1S9sOy2tYjiH6HqumwirxnD5CLDk= -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- region: us-ashburn-1 pass-phrase: "ChimayBlue" tenancy: ocid1.tenancy.oc1..aaaaaaaanoslu5x9e50gvq3mdilr5lzjz4imiwj3ale4s3qyivi5liw6hcia user: ocid1.user.oc1..aaaaaaaaizcm5ljvk624qa4ue1i8vx043brrs27656sztwqy5twrplckzghq joyent: peter: auth-type: userpass sdc-user: admingal sdc-key-id: 2048 00:11:22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99:aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff private-key: key (or private-key-path, like `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub`) algorithm: "rsa-sha256" vsphere: ashley: auth-type: userpass password: passw0rd user: administrator@xyz.com lxd-node2: interactive: auth-type: interactive trust-password: ubuntu
Credentials are added to Juju on a per-cloud basis. To add credentials for the defined 'azure' cloud, for instance, we would do this:
juju add-credential azure -f mycreds.yaml
Note: All available authentication types are outlined in section Adding clouds manually on the Clouds page.
Managing credentials
The following credential management tasks are covered:
- Setting default credentials
- Listing local credentials
- Listing remote credentials
- Updating local credentials
- Updating remote credentials
- Removing local credentials
- Changing a remote credential for a model
Setting default credentials
To set the default credential for a cloud:
juju set-default-credential aws carol
If only one credential exists for a cloud, it becomes the effective default credential for that cloud.
Setting a default affects operations that require a new credential to be used
by Juju. These are the creation of a controller (bootstrap
) and the addition
of a model (add-model
). It does not change what is currently in use (on a
controller).
A default must be defined if multiple credentials exist for a given cloud. With
both the above commands a credential can be specified with the --credential
option. Failure to do so will cause an error to be emitted:
ERROR more than one credential is available specify a credential using the --credential argument
Listing local credentials
You can display what credentials are available by running the
credentials
command:
juju credentials
Sample output:
Cloud Credentials aws bob*, carol google wayne
An asterisk denotes a default credential. In the above output, credential 'bob' is the default for cloud 'aws' and no default has been specified for cloud 'google'. Default credentials are covered in more depth later on.
To reveal actual authentication material (e.g. passwords, keys):
juju credentials --format yaml --show-secrets
Sample output:
local-credentials: aws: bob: auth-type: access-key access-key: AKIAXZUYGB6UED2GNC5A secret-key: StB2bmL1+tX+VX7neVgy/3JosJAwOcBIO53nyCVp
Notice how the output says 'local-credentials', meaning they are stored on the local Juju client.
Listing remote credentials
To see what credential is in use by a model (here the 'default' model) the
show-model
command can be used:
juju show-model default
Partial output:
default: name: admin/default ... ... credential: name: bob owner: admin cloud: aws
The models --format yaml
command also shows this information, albeit for all
models.
The above commands do not display authentication material. Use the
show-credentials
command to view the active credentials, including the cloud
name, credential names, and model names:
juju show-credentials --show-secrets
Sample output:
controller-credentials: aws: bob: content: auth-type: access-key access-key: AKIAXZUYGB6UED2GNC5A secret-key: StB2bmL1+tX+VX7neVgy/3JosJAwOcBIO53nyCVp models: controller: admin default: admin
Notice how the output says 'controller-credentials', meaning they are stored on the controller.
The show-credentials
command queries the controller to get its information.
Updating local credentials
To update an existing credential locally use the add-credential
command with
the --replace
option.
Here we decided to use the file 'mycreds.yaml' from a previous example:
juju add-credential --replace aws -f mycreds.yaml
Any existing credential will be overwritten by an identically named credential
in the file. As a safeguard to inadvertently overwriting credentials, an error
will be emitted if the --replace
option is not used:
ERROR local credentials for cloud "aws" already exist; use --replace to overwrite / merge
Updating credentials in this way does not update credentials currently in use (on an existing controller/cloud). See the next section for that.
Updating remote credentials
To update credentials currently in use (i.e. stored on a controller) the
update-credential
command is used. It does this by uploading an identically
named local credential.
Before an update occurs, Juju ensures that the new credential contents can authenticate with the backing cloud and that any machines that may reside within a model currently related to the credential remain accessible.
The requirements for using this command, as compared to the initial bootstrap
(or juju add-model
) command, are:
- same cloud name
- same Juju username (logged in)
- same credential name
The update is a two-step process. First change the credentials locally as shown previously and then upload those credentials to the controller.
Below, we explicitly log in with the correct Juju username ('admin'), change
the contents of the credential called 'joe' (included in file mycreds.yaml
),
and then update that credential for cloud 'google':
juju login -u admin juju add-credential --replace google -f mycreds.yaml juju update-credential google joe
The update-credential
command is the only command that can alter a credential
cached on a controller.
Updating remote credentials using a different Juju user
If you are unable to ascertain the original Juju username then you will need to use a different one. This implies adding a new credential name, copying over any authentication material into the old credential name, and finally updating the credentials. Below we demonstrate this for the Azure cloud:
Add a new temporary credential name (like 'new-credential-name') and gather all credential sets (new and old):
juju add-credential azure juju credentials azure --format yaml --show-secrets > azure-creds.yaml
Copy the values of application-id
and application-password
from the new set
to the old set.
Then replace the local credentials and upload them to the controller:
juju add-credential azure -f azure-creds.yaml --replace juju update-credential azure old-credential-name
To be clear, the file azure-creds.yaml
(used with add-credential
) should
look similar to:
Credentials: azure: new-credential-name: auth-type: service-principal-secret application-id: foo1 application-password: foo2 subscription-id: bar old-credential-name: auth-type: service-principal-secret application-id: foo1 application-password: foo2 subscription-id: bar
Removing local credentials
The remove-credential
command is used to remove a local credential (i.e. not
cached on a controller):
juju remove-credential aws bob
Changing a remote credential for a model
To change what remote credential is used for a model the set-credential
command (v.2.5.0
) is available to the controller admin or the model owner.
For instance, to have remote credential 'bob' be used for model 'trinity' (for
cloud 'aws'):
juju set-credential -m trinity aws bob
This command does not affect how the credential may relate to another model. If the credential is already related to a single model this operation will result in that credential being related to two models.
Note: If the stated credential does not exist remotely but it does locally then the local credential will be uploaded to the controller. The command will error out if the credential is neither remote nor local.